What a Difference a Century Makes: 1919
By: M. Callahan
1919 US Population: 105,063,000
Public Figures
President:
Woodrow Wilson
Vice President:
Thomas R. Marshall
Virginia Governor: Henry Carter Stuart
Chief Justice Supreme Court: Edward Douglass White
Speaker of the House: Champ Clark (D-Missouri) until March, then
Frederick H. Gillett (R-Massachusetts
VA Senators:
Thomas Martin & Claude Swanson
BORN: J.D. Salinger, Andy Rooney, Jack Palance, Tennessee Ernie Ford, Nat King Col
DIED: Theodore Roosevelt, Andrew Carnegie, Henry Frick
Married: Franklin Roosevelt to Eleanor, in NYC.
- The Boston Molasses Disaster: A wave of molasses released from an exploding storage tank sweeps through Boston, killing 21 and injuring 150.
- The 18th Amendment to the United States Constitution, authorizing Prohibition, goes into effect in the United States.
- Oregon places a 1 cent per U.S. gallon (.26¢/L) tax on gasoline, becoming the first U.S. state to levy a gasoline tax.
- Women's rights: The United States Congress approves the 19th Amendment to the United States Constitution, which would guarantee suffrage to women, and sends it to the U.S. states for ratification.
- The Chicago Race Riot of 1919 begins when a white man throws rocks at a group of 4 black teens on a raft. More riots broke out in Washington.
- The first NFL team for Wisconsin (the Green Bay Packers) is founded by Curly Lambeau.
- The First Transcontinental Motor Convoy: The U.S. Army expedition across America, which started July 7, ends in San Francisco.
- The Florida Keys Hurricane kills 600 in the Gulf of Mexico, Florida and Texas.
- Pres. Woodrow Wilson sails for the Paris Peace Conference in Dec.’18, becoming the first U.S. president to travel to Europe while in office. After a nine day sea voyage aboard the S.S. George Washington, a German-built passenger liner interned in New York at the start of World War I, Wilson arrived in Brest, France, and traveled to Paris.
- The Treaty of Versailles fails a critical ratification vote in the United States Senate. It will never be ratified by the US.
- President of the U.S. Woodrow Wilson suffers a massive stroke, leaving him partially paralyzed.
- Babe Ruth is sold by the Boston Red Sox to the New York Yankees for $125,000, the largest sum ever paid for a player at that time
- Lady Astor, an American by birth, is sworn in as the first female member of the British Parliament.
- Rotary Dial Telephones were invented. Before this, every call made had to go through an operator but this invention allowed people to dial the number themselves.
- The US Congress approves daylight-saving time. Germany started the use of DST in 1916 and other countries followed suit. Daylight saving time or British summer time is the practice of adjusting clocks forward one hour near the start of spring so that afternoons have more daylight and mornings have less, and adjusting them backwards in the Autumn by 1 hour.
Since politics and current events influence economic performance, here is what was happening to influence the 14.57% inflation rate in 1919.
- The German Farmer's Party, which would later develop into the National Socialist Party, is formed.
- The Bolshevik party re-establishes the idea of a five-member Politburo at the 8th Congress of the Russian Communist Party, making it the central body of political power in the Soviet Union. Its first members were Vladimir Lenin, Leon Trotsky, Joseph Stalin, Lev Kamenev and Nikolai Krestinsky.
· The Turkish War of Independence begins after Mustafa Kemal Ataturk's lands at Samsun, on the Black Sea.
· Benito Mussolini establishes the Fascist Party in 1919.
Massive war reparation payments, excessively high unemployment, high cost of goods, and significant devaluation of German currency, until it was not worth the paper on which it was printed.
The French and the British sought to appease Wilson by consenting to support his most cherished idea — the establishment of his League of Nations. However,
in the face of strong domestic isolationist sentiment and because some of the articles in the league's charter seemingly conflicted with the U.S. Constitution, the United States never ratified the Treaty of Versailles nor joined the League of Nations. In 1921, under President Warren Harding ,the United States signed separate peace treaties with Germany, Austria and Hungary.
The
Treaty of Versailles was the most important of the
peace treaties that ended
World War I. It was signed on 28 June 1919 in
Versailles, exactly five years after the
assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand which directly led to the war. The other
Central Powers on the German side signed separate treaties.
The most controversial provision forced Germany to accept responsibility for Germany and for her allies for causing all the loss and damage during the war (the other members of the Central Powers signed treaties containing similar articles). This provision later became known as the War Guilt Clause. The treaty required Germany to: “disarm, make ample territorial concessions, and pay
reparations to certain countries that had formed the Entente Powers.” The total cost of these reparations was assessed at 132 billion marks or $31.4 billion or 6.6 billion pounds sterling. In today’s money that equates to $442 billion US or 284 billion UK. Notable economists of the time referred to this clause as a “Carthaginian peace” meaning that this was too harsh and would prove to be counter-productive. Many historians have concluded that the start of WWII was the day this treaty was signed. In order to meet any of the provisions, Germany, already bankrupt, could not feed their own population, provide employment, or necessary services for more than a decade.
Statement of Abdication. Of the German Kaiser: I herewith renounce for all time claims to the throne of Prussia and to the German Imperial throne connected therewith. At the same time I release all officials of the German Empire and of Prussia, as well as all officers, non-commissioned officers and men of the
navy and of the
Prussian army, as well as the
troops of the federated states of Germany, from the oath of fidelity which they tendered to me as their Emperor, King and Commander-in-Chief. I expect of them that until the re-establishment of order in the German Empire they shall render assistance to those in actual power in Germany, in protecting the German people from the threatening dangers of anarchy, famine, and foreign rule. Proclaimed under our own hand and with the imperial seal attached. Amerongen, 28 November 1918. Signed WILLIAM
Results of WWI
Invention of new, more deadly weapons: Tanks, machine guns, poison gas, flamethrowers, advanced rapid fire artillery and mortars. Trench warfare became a powerful symbol of the futility of war. The battlefields developed into a stalemated struggle between equals, to be decided only by attrition. The weapons being utilized were now more efficient in wide spread slaughter although it took some time for the generals to fully absorb the implications.
Empires fall and royal rulers are toppled, assassinated and/or exiled.
The former German Kaiser, abdicated and was exiled to Doorm, the Netherlands. Where he died at age 82 on June 4, 1941.
The last Emperor of Austria, who was also the last King of Hungary, and the Last King of Bohemia renounced
participation in all state affairs but did not abdicate. Neither he, nor the House of Habsburg ever ruled again.
The Russian Royal family shot and killed. The Romanov Dynasty never ruled again.
Last Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, whose forced abdication and exile in 1922 prepared the way for the emergence of the Turkish Republic.
National boundaries change & new countries are created.
Germany
forfeited the Saar coalfield to France for 15 years, Alsace-Lorraine was given back to France. Danzig became a free city, and Poland was given a 'corridor' to the Baltic Sea.
Austria-Hungary was separated as a result of the Treaty of Versailles that ended World War I. It forced Austria into becoming a republic, which meant all of the territory outside of Austria proper had to be given up. ... The dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary collapsed and Austria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and the State of Slovenes, Croatia-later Yugoslavia all emerged.
United Kingdom:
lost most of Ireland as the
Irish Free State,
Egypt in 1922.
Bulgaria:
lost
Western Thrace to
Greece also lost a part of Eastern Macedonia to Serbia (Yugoslavia).
China: temporarily lost Jiaozhou Bay and most of Shandong to the Empire of Japan
Montenegro declared union with Serbia and subsequently became incorporated into Yugoslavia.
Turkey became the successor state of the
Ottoman Empire.
The race riot in
Washington, D.C. was one of more than twenty that took place during the Red Summer of 1919. Lasting a total of only four days, this short-lived riot was more accurately described as a race war taking place in the nation’s capital.
On Saturday night, July 19, 1919, in a downtown bar, a group of white veterans sparked a rumor regarding the arrest, questioning, and release of a black man suspected by the Metropolitan Police Department of sexually assaulting a white woman. The victim was also the wife of a Navy man. The rumor traveled throughout the sa
loons and pool halls of downtown Washington, angering the several soldiers, sailors, and marines taking their weekend liberty, including many veterans of
World War I.
Later that Saturday night, a mob of predominantly white veterans headed toward Southwest D.C. to a predominantly black, poverty-stricken neighborhood with clubs, lead pipes, and pieces of lumber in hand. The veterans brutally beat all African Americans they encountered. African Americans were seized from their cars and from sidewalks and beaten without reason or mercy by white veterans, still in uniform, drawing little to no police attention.
On Sunday, July 20, the violence continued to grow, in part because the seven-hundred-member Metropolitan Police Department failed to intervene. African Americans continued to face brutal beatings in the streets of Washington, at the Center Market on Seventh Street NW, and even in front of the White House.
By the late hours of Sunday night, July 20, the African American community began to fight back. They armed themselves and attacked whites who entered their neighborhoods. Both black and white men fired bullets at each other from moving vehicles. At the end of the night, ten whites & five blacks were either killed or severely wounded.
After four days of violence and no police intervention, President Woodrow Wilson finally ordered nearly two thousand soldiers from nearby military bases into Washington to suppress the rioting. However, a heavy summer rain, rather than the troops themselves, effectively ended the riot on July 23, 1919.
In the end, several men were killed from gunshot wounds; nine were killed in severe street fights; and an estimated thirty or more eventually died from other wounds they received during the riot. Over one hundred and fifty men, women, and children were beaten, clubbed, and shot by both African American and white rioters. Six Metropolitan Policemen and several Marine guards were shot during these riots. Two of those shootings were fatal.”
(1)
On January 31, 1919 three men were found shot to death in a rowhouse at 2023 Kalorama Rd. NW in the headquarters of the Chinese Educational Mission. Police officers were told by a student, that, earlier on the same evening a resident of New York City named Wan had been at the Mission. Acting under instructions of the superintendent of police, two detectives started immediately for New York. On February 1, they entered Wan's room in a lodging house, found him there, and brought him to a Washington hotel for interrogation. The police held Wan incommunicado without formal arrest, and browbeat a confession out of him. Wan was suffering from the after effects of the Spanish flu and the police took advantage of his weakened state. They questioned him day and night for nine days. Food, water and bathroom privileges were denied. Under extreme duress, he confessed. But later recanted.
After multiple trials a ruling came down from the Supreme Court with Justice Louis Brandeis writing that “a confession obtained by compulsion must be excluded, whatever may have been the character of the compulsion.
A now famous case came before the Supreme Court in 1966 known as Miranda v. Arizona. Out of this case came a landmark decision. In a 5–4 majority, the Court held that both inculpatory and exculpatory statements made in response to interrogation by a defendant in police custody will be admissible at trial only if the prosecution can show that the defendant was informed of the right to consult with an attorney before and during questioning and of the right against self-incrimination before police questioning, and that the defendant not only understood these rights, but voluntarily waived them
The
Miranda warning (often shortened to "Miranda", or "Mirandizing" a suspect) is the name of the formal warning that is required to be given by law enforcement in the United States to criminal suspects in police custody (or in a custodial situation) before they are interrogated, in accordance with the Miranda ruling. Its purpose is to ensure the accused are aware of, and reminded of, these rights before questioning or actions that are reasonably likely to elicit an incriminating response.
SPORTS 1919
(Due to the Spanish Flu Epidemic, many competitions cancelled or only a few teams participated.)
World Series: Cincinnati Reds over Chicago White Sox 5 to 3.
(Babe Ruth hits 29
home runs for the
Boston Red Sox, breaking the single season record of 27 set by
Ned Williamson in 1884)
Stanley Cup: Montreal Canadians and Seattle Metropolitans win two games each in the finals. Then, the series is cancelled when all the Montreal players contracted the Spanish Flu.
World Heavyweight Boxing: Jack Dempsey over Jess Willard
USPGA Championship: Jim Barnes
US Open: Walter Hagen
Horseracing-Triple Crown: Sir Barton, 1st horse to win this title.
Tennis: US Men's Singles - Bill Johnston (USA) defeats Bill Tilden (USA)
US Women’s Singles:
Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman (USA) defeats
Marion Zinderstein (USA)
NOBEL AWARDS 1919
Jules Bordet, Physiology /Medicine
Johannes Stark, Physics
Carl Spitteler -Literature
Woodrow Wilson
-Peace
Pulitizer: The Magnificent Ambersons by
Booth Tarkington
Pulitzer-Biography or Autobiography: The Education of Henry Adams by Henry Adams
Pulitzer-Journalism: The Milwaukee Journal
Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity is confirmed when the Royal Astronomical Society sees the predicted effect during a solar eclipse.
The US declared war on Germany and the Central Powers on April 6, 1917. However it took a year to gather, train and equip the army. It was not until the spring of 1918 that American soldiers departed for France.
The U.S. made its major contributions in terms of supplies, raw material and money, starting in 1917. American soldiers under General of the Armies John Pershing, Commander-in-Chief of the American Expeditionary Force (AEF), arrived at the rate of 10,000 men a day on the Western Front in the summer of 1918. During the war the U.S. mobilized over 4 million military personnel and suffered 110,000 deaths, including around 45,000 who died due to the 1918 Spanish influenza outbreak (30,000 before they even reached France).
On the battlefields of France in spring 1918, the war-weary
Allied armies enthusiastically greeted the fresh American troops at a time when the Germans were unable to replace their losses. The Americans won a victory at Cantigny, then again in defensive stands at Chateau-Thierry and Belleau Wood. The Americans helped the British Empire,
French and
Portuguese forces defeat and turn back the powerful final German offensive (Spring Offensive of March to July, 1918), and most importantly, the Americans played a role in the Allied final offensive (Hundred Days Offensive of August to November). However, many American commanders used the same flawed tactics which the British, French, Germans and others had abandoned early in the war. Consequently many American offensives were not particularly effective. Pershing continued to commit troops to these full-frontal attacks, resulting in high casualties against experienced veteran German and Austrian-Hungarian units. Nevertheless, the infusion of fresh US troops greatly strengthened the Allies' strategic position and boosted morale. The war ended on November 11, 1918.
THE MOST DECORATED US SOLDIER OF WWI
Alvin Cullum York (December 13, 1887 – September 2, 1964), also known as Sergeant York, was one of the most decorated
United States Army soldiers of
World War I. He received the
Medal of Honor, the highest of American Military Awards, for leading an attack on a
German machine gun nest, taking at least one machine gun, killing at least 25 enemy soldiers and capturing 132 others. York's Medal of Honor action occurred during the United States-led portion of the
Meuse-Argonne Offensive in
France, which was intended to breach the
Hindenburg line and force the Germans to surrender. He earned decorations from several allied countries during WWI, including
France,
Italy and
Montenegro.
CAPTURED GERMAN U-BOAT
In the Spring 1915 this German U-Boat was captured off the east coast of England. The Brits enjoyed displaying it on the Thames in London. By October 1917 it was sent to the USA in sections where this sub was paraded in New York City at War Bond Rallies. Huge wrecking cranes transferred the sections to horse drawn trucks under the combined strength of 42 powerful heavy horses.
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